E. V. Lucas: Letters of Charles Lamb

“My kind old aunt . . . the Borough.” This is rather perplexing. Lamb, to the best of our knowledge, never as a child lived anywhere but in the Temple. His only aunt of whom we know anything lived with the family also in the Temple. But John Lamb’s will proves Lamb to have had two aunts. The reference to the Borough suggests therefore that the aunt in question was not Sarah Lamb (Aunt Hetty) but her sister.]

[John Lamb’s will left everything to his brother. We must suppose that his widow was independently provided for. I doubt if the brothers had seen each other except casually for some time. The Elia essay “My Relations” contains John Lamb’s full-length portrait under the name of James Elia.

“Vide Lord Palmerston’s report.” In the Times of March 21 is the report of a debate on the estimates. Palmerston proved a certain amount of reduction of salary in the War Office. Incidentally he remarked that “since 1810 not fewer than twenty-six clerks had died of pulmonary complaints, and disorders arising from sedentary habits.”

Milton was the portrait, already described (see page 457), which had been left to Lamb. Lamb gave it as a dowry to Emma Isola when she became Mrs. Moxon.

“Hartley.” Hartley Coleridge, then a young man of twenty-five, was living in London after the unhappy sudden termination of his Oxford career.

Here should come a letter from Lamb to William Godwin, dated April 13, in which Lamb remarks that he cannot think how Godwin, who in his writings never expresses himself disrespectfully of any one but his Maker, can have given offence to Rickman. This reminds one of Godwin’s remark about Coleridge, “God bless him—to use a vulgar expression,” as recorded by Coleridge in one of his letters.]

[Owing largely to a flaw in the title-deed of his house at 41 Skinner Street, which he had to forfeit, Godwin had come upon poverty greater than any he had previously suffered, although he had been always more or less necessitous. Lamb now lent him £50. In the following year, after being mainly instrumental in putting on foot a fund for Godwin’s benefit, he transformed this loan into a gift. An appeal was issued in 1823 asking for £600, the following postscript to which, in Lamb’s hand, is preserved at the South Kensington Museum:—

“Mr. Godwin’s opponent declares himself determined to act against him with the last degree of hostility: the law gives him the power the first week in November to seize upon Mr. Godwin’s property, furniture, books, &c. together with all his present sources of income for the support of himself and his family. Mr. Godwin has at this time made considerable progress in a work of great research, and requiring all the powers of his mind, to the completion of which he had lookd for future pecuniary advantage. His mind is at this moment so entirely occupied in this work, that he feels within himself the firmness and resolution that no prospect of evil or calamity shall draw him off from it or suspend his labours. But the calamity itself, if permitted to arrive, will produce the physical impossibility for him to proceed. His books and the materials of his work, as well as his present sources of income, will be taken from him. Those materials have been the collection of several years, and it would require a long time to replace them, if they could ever be replaced.

The work on which Godwin was then labouring was his History of the Commonwealth, 1824-1828. His new home was in the Strand. In 1833 he received the post of Yeoman Usher of the Exchequer, which he held till his death in 1836, although its duties had vanished ere then.]

[John Lamb’s widow had been a Mrs. Dowden, with an unmarried daughter, probably the Caroline referred to. The letter treats of family matters which could not now be explained even if it were worth while. The Lambs were arranging a visit to Versailles, to the Kenneys. Mr. Henshaw was Lamb’s godfather, a gunsmith.]

[The Lambs had left England for France in June. While they were there Mary Lamb was taken ill again—in a diligence, according to Moore—and Lamb had to return home alone, leaving a letter, of which this is the only portion that has been preserved, for her guidance on her recovery. Mary Lamb, who had taken her nurse with her in case of trouble, was soon well again, and in August had the company of Crabb Robinson in Paris. Mrs. Aders was also there, and Foss, the bookseller in Pall Mall, and his brother. And it was on this visit that the Lambs met John Howard Payne, whom we shall shortly see.]

Here should come a letter from Lamb to Mrs. James Kenney, dated Sept. 11, 1822, in which Lamb says that Mary Lamb had reached home safely from France, and that she failed to smuggle Crabb Robinson’s waistcoat. He adds that the Custom House people could not comprehend how a waistcoat, marked Henry Robinson, could be a part of Miss Lamb’s wearing apparel. At the end of the letter is a charming note to Mrs. Kenney’s little girl, Sophy, whom Lamb calls his dear wife. He assures her that the few short days of connubial felicity which he passed with her among the pears and apricots of Versailles were some of the happiest of his life.]

[This is the first of the letters to Bernard Barton (1784-1849), a clerk in a bank at Woodbridge, in Suffolk, who was known as the Quaker poet. Lamb had met him at a London Magazine dinner at 13 Waterloo Place, and had apparently said something about Quakers and poetry which Barton, on thinking it over, had taken too seriously. Bernard Barton was already the author of four volumes of poetry, of which Napoleon and other Poems was the latest, published in 1822. Lamb’s essay on “Imperfect Sympathies” had been printed in the London Magazine for August, 1821. For John Woolman see note on page 94. The sonnet “Work” had been printed in the Examiner, August 29, 1819.]

Talma was Francois Joseph Talma (1763-1826), the great French tragedian. Lamb, introduced by John Howard Payne, saw him in “Regulus,” but not understanding French was but mildly interested. “Ah,” said Talma in the account by James Kenney printed in Henry Angelo’s Pic Nic, “I was not very happy to-night; you must see me in ‘Scylla.’” “Incidit in Scyllam,” said Lamb, “qui vult vitare Charybdim.” “Ah, you are a rogue; you are a great rogue,” was Talma’s reply. Talma had bought a pair of bellows with Shakespeare’s head on it. Lamb’s belief in the authenticity of this portrait was misplaced, as the following account from Chambers’ Journal for September 27, 1856, will show:—

About the latter part of the last century, one Zincke, an artist of little note, but grandson of the celebrated enameller of that name, manufactured fictitious Shakespeares by the score. . . . The most famous of Zincke’s productions is the well-known Talma Shakespeare, which gentle Charles Lamb made a pilgrimage to Paris to see; and when he did see, knelt down and kissed with idolatrous veneration. Zincke painted it on a larger panel than was necessary for the size of the picture, and then cut away the superfluous wood, so as to leave the remainder in the shape of a pair of bellows. . . . Zincke probably was thinking of “a muse of fire” when he adopted this strange method of raising the wind; but he made little by it, for the dealer into whose hands the picture passed, sold it as a curiosity, not an original portrait, for £5. The buyer, being a person of ingenuity, and fonder of money than curiosities, fabricated a series of letters to and from Sir Kenelm Digby, and, passing over to France, planted—the slang term used among the less honest of the curiosity-dealing fraternity—the picture and the letters in an old château near Paris. Of course a confederate managed to discover the plant, in the presence of witnesses, and great was the excitement that ensued. Sir Kenelm Digby had been in France in the reign of Charles I., and the fictitious correspondence proved that the picture

1822

THE BELLOWS SHAKESPEARE

575

was an original, and had been painted by Queen Elizabeth’s command, on the lid of her favourite pair of bellows!

It really would seem that the more absurd a deception is, the better it succeeds. All Paris was in delight at possessing an original Shakespeare, while the London amateurs were in despair at such a treasure being lost to England. The ingenious person soon found a purchaser, and a high price recompensed him for his trouble. But more remains to be told. The happy purchaser took his treasure to Ribet, the first Parisian picture-cleaner of the day, to be cleaned. Ribet set to work; but we may fancy his surprise as the superficial impasto of Zincke washed off beneath the sponge, and Shakespeare became a female in a lofty headgear adorned with blue ribbons.

By kind permission of Mr. B. B. MacGeorge, who now owns both letter and bellows, I am enabled to give a reproduction of the portrait on the opposite page. See also Lamb’s remarks on page 579.

[John Howard Payne (1792-1852) was born in New York. He began life as an actor in 1809 as Young Norval in “Douglas,” and made his English début in 1813 in the same part. For several years he lived either in London or Paris, where among his friends were Washington Irving and Talma. He wrote a number of plays, and in one of them, “Clari, or the Maid of Milan,” is the song “Home, Sweet Home,” with Bishop’s music, on which his immortality rests. Payne died in Tunis, where he was American Consul, in 1852, and when in 1883 he was reinterred at Washington, it was as the author of “Home, Sweet Home.” He seems to have been a charming but ill-starred man, whom to know was to love.

Mr. White was Edward White of the India House, by whom Lamb probably sent a copy of the 1818 edition of his Works. Louisa was Louisa Holcroft. Guichy was possibly the Frenchman, mentioned by Crabb Robinson, with whom the Lambs had travelled to France. Poole was, I imagine, John Poole, the dramatist, author of burlesque plays in the London Magazine and later of “Paul Pry,” which, it is quite likely, he based on Lamb’s sketch “Tom Pry.”]

[Lamb had met John Howard Payne, the American dramatist, at Kenney’s, in France (see note on page 576). “Ali Pacha,” a melodrama in two acts, was produced at Covent Garden on October 19, 1822. It ran altogether sixteen nights. William Farren played the hero. Lord Ogleby, an antiquated fop, is a character in “The Clandestine Marriage” by Colman and Garrick. Miss Foote played Helena. See also notes to the letter on page 576 for other references.]

[See note to Letter 269, on page 567. Lamb and Scott never met. Talfourd, however, tells us that “he used to speak with gratitude and pleasure of the circumstances under which he saw him once in Fleet-street. A man, in the dress of a mechanic, stopped him just at Inner Temple-gate, and said, touching his hat, ‘I beg your pardon, sir, but perhaps you would like to see Sir Walter Scott; that is he just crossing the road;’ and Lamb stammered out his hearty thanks to his truly humane informer.”

Mr. Lang has recently discovered that also in 1818 or thereabouts Sir Walter invited Lamb to Abbotsford.

[Payne’s translation of the French play was produced at Covent Garden on November 6, 1822, under the title “The Soldier’s Daughter.” On the same night appeared a rival version at Drury Lane entitled “Two Galley Slaves.” Payne’s was played eleven times. The new lady as Juliet was the other Fanny Kelly not Lamb’s: Fanny H. Kelly, from Dublin. The revival began on November 14. Planché was James Robinson Planché (1796-1880), the most prolific of librettists. Robert William Elliston, of whom Lamb later wrote so finely, was then managing Drury Lane.

“The Duke of Wellington.” A reference to the Duke’s failure in representing England at the Congress of Powers in Vienna and Verona.

Lamb’s “dear little wife” was Sophy Kenney (see abstract of letter on page 571).]

“Payne’s two successful pieces”—“Ali Pasha” and “The Soldier’s Daughter.”

Miss Kelly has added to this letter a few words of affection to Mrs. Kenney from “the real old original Fanny Kelly.”

[Dated: Dec. 7, 1822.]

DEAR Sir,—I should like the enclosed Dedication to be printed, unless you dislike it. I like it. It is in the olden style. But if you object to it, put forth the book as it is. Only pray don’t let the Printer mistake the word curt for curst.

C. L.

Dec. 7, 1822.

DEDICATION

TO THE FRIENDLY AND JUDICIOUS READER,

Who will take these Papers, as they were meant; not understanding every thing perversely in the absolute and literal sense, but giving fair construction as to an after-dinner conversation; allowing for the rashness and necessary incompleteness of first thoughts; and not remembering, for the purpose of an after taunt, words spoken peradventure after the fourth glass. The Author wishes (what he would will for himself) plenty of good friends to stand by him, good books to solace him, prosperous events to all his honest undertakings, and a candid interpretation to his most hasty words and actions. The other sort (and he hopes many of them will purchase his book too) he greets with the curt invitation of Timon, “Uncover, dogs, and lap:” or he dismisses them with the confident security of the philosopher, “you beat but on the case of ELIA.”

C. L.

Dec. 7, 1822.

Note

[Elia. Essays which have appeared under that signature in the London Magazine was just about to be published. The book came out with no preface.

“Uncover, dogs, and lap” (“Timon of Athens,” III., 6, 95).

“You beat but on the case.” When Anaxarchus, the philosopher, was being pounded to death in a mortar, by command of Alexander the Great, he made use of this phrase. After these words, in Canon Ainger’s transcript, Lamb remarks:—

“On better consideration, pray omit that Dedication. The Essays want no Preface: they are all Preface. A Preface is nothing but a talk with the reader; and they do nothing else. Pray omit it.

“There will be a sort of Preface in the next Magazine, which may act as an advertisement, but not proper for the volume.

586

LETTERS OF C. AND M. LAMB

Dec.

“Let Elia come forth bare as he was born.”

The sort of Preface in the next magazine (January, 1823) was the “Character of the Late Elia,” used as a preface to the Last Essays in 1833.]

LETTER 285

CHARLES LAMB TO WALTER WILSON

E. I. H. 16 dec. 22.

DEAR Wilson
Lightening I was going to call you—
You must have thought me negligent in not answering your letter sooner. But I have a habit of never writing letters, but at the office—’tis so much time cribbed out of the Company—and I am but just got out of the thick of a Tea Sale, in which most of the Entry of Notes, deposits &c. usually falls to my share. Dodwell is willing, but alas! slow. To compare a pile of my notes with his little hillock (which has been as long a building), what is it but to compare Olympus with a mole-hill. Then Wadd is a sad shuffler.—

I have nothing of Defoe’s but two or three Novels, and the Plague History. I can give you no information about him. As a slight general character of what I remember of them (for I have not look’d into them latterly) I would say that “in the appearance of truth in all the incidents and conversations that occur in them they exceed any works of fiction I am acquainted with. It is perfect illusion. The Author never appears in these self-narratives (for so they ought to be called or rather Auto-biographies) but the narrator chains us down to an implicet belief in every thing he says. There is all the minute detail of a log-book in it. Dates are painfully pressed upon the memory. Facts are repeated over and over in varying phrases, till you cannot chuse but believe them. It is like reading Evidence given in a Court of Justice. So anxious the story-teller seems, that the truth should be clearly comprehended, that when he has told us a matter of fact, or a motive, in a line or two farther down he repeats it with his favorite figure of speech, ‘I say’ so and so,—though he had made it abundantly plain before. This is in imitation of the common people’s way of speaking, or rather of the way in which they are addressed by a master or mistress, who wishes to impress something upon their memories; and has a wonderful effect upon matter-of-fact readers. Indeed it is to such principally that he writes. His style is else-
1822 DANIEL DEFOE 587
where beautiful, but plain & homely. Robinson Crusoe is delightful to all ranks and classes, but it is easy to see that it is written in phraseology peculiarly adapted to the lower conditions of readers: hence it is an especial favorite with sea-faring men, poor boys, servant maids &c. His novels are capital kitchen-reading, while they are worthy from their deep interest to find a shelf in the Libraries of the wealthiest, and the most learned. His passion for matter of fact narrative sometimes betrayed him into a long relation of common incidents which might happen to any man, and have no interest but the intense appearance of truth in them, to recommend them. The whole latter half, or two thirds, of Colonel Jack is of this description. The beginning of Colonel Jack is the most affecting natural picture of a young thief that was ever drawn. His losing the stolen money in the hollow of a tree, and finding it again when he was in despair, and then being in equal distress at not knowing how to dispose of it, and several similar touches in the early history of the Colonel, evince a deep knowledge of human nature; and, putting out of question the superior romantic interest of the latter, in my mind very much exceed Crusoe. Roxana (1st Edition) is the next in Interest, though he left out the best part of it subsequent Editions from a foolish hypercriticism of his friend, Southerne. But Moll Flanders, the account of the Plague &c. &c. are all of one family, and have the same stamp of character.”—

[At the top of the first page is added:—]

Omitted at the end . . . believe me with friendly recollections, Brother (as I used to call you)

Yours

C. Lamb.

[Below the “Dear Wilson” is added in smaller writing:—]

The review was not mine, nor have I seen it.

Note

[Addressed to “Walter Wilson Esqr Lufton nr Yeovil Somersetshire.”

Lamb’s friend Walter Wilson (see note on page 220) was beginning his Memoirs of the Life and Times of Daniel Defoe, 1830. The passage sent to him in this letter by Lamb he printed in Vol. III., page 428. Some years later (see pages 464 and 819) Lamb sent Wilson a further criticism. See also Letter 294 for the reference to Roxana.

For Dodwell see page 490. Of Wadd we have no information, except, according to Crabb Robinson’s Diary, that he once acci-
588 LETTERS OF C. AND M. LAMB Dec.
dentally discharged a pen full of ink into Lamb’s eye and that Lamb wrote this epigram upon him:—
What Wadd knows, God knows,
But God knows what Wadd knows.]

LETTER 286

CHARLES LAMB TO BERNARD BARTON

[Dated at end: 23 December 1822.]

DEAR Sir—I have been so distracted with business and one thing or other, I have not had a quiet quarter of an hour for epistolary purposes. Christmas too is come, which always puts a rattle into my morning scull. It is a visiting unquiet unQuakerish season. I get more and more in love with solitude, and proportionately hampered with company. I hope you have some holydays at this period. I have one day, Christmas day, alas! too few to commemorate the season. All work and no play dulls me. Company is not play, but many times hard work. To play, is for a man to do what he pleases, or to do nothing—to go about soothing his particular fancies. I have lived to a time of life, to have outlived the good hours, the nine o’Clock suppers, with a bright hour or two to clear up in afterwards. Now you cannot get tea before that hour, and then sit gaping, music-bothered perhaps, till half-past 12 brings up the tray, and what you steal of convivial enjoyment after, is heavily paid for in the disquiet of to-morrow’s head.

I am pleased with your liking John Woodvil, and amused with your knowledge of our drama being confined to Shakspeare and Miss Bailly. What a world of fine territory between Land’s End and Johnny Grots have you missed traversing. I almost envy you to have so much to read. I feel as if I had read all the Books I want to read. O to forget Fielding, Steele, &c., and read ’em new.

Can you tell me a likely place where I could pick up, cheap, Fox’s Journal? There are no Quaker Circulating Libraries? Ellwood, too, I must have. I rather grudge that S[outhe]y has taken up the history of your People. I am afraid he will put in some Levity. I am afraid I am not quite exempt from that fault in certain magazine Articles, where I have introduced mention of them. Were they to do again, I would reform them.

Why should not you write a poetical Account of your old Worthies, deducing them from Fox to Woolman?—but I remember you did talk of something in that kind, as a counterpart to the
1822 GEORGE FOX’S JOURNAL 589
Ecclesiastical Sketches. But would not a Poem be more consecutive than a string of Sonnets? You have no Martyrs quite to the Fire, I think, among you. But plenty of Heroic Confessors, Spirit-Martyrs—Lamb-Lions.—Think of it,

It would be better than a series of Sonnets on “Eminent Bankers.”—I like a hit at our way of life, tho’ it does well for me, better than anything short of all one’s time to one’s self, for which alone I rankle with envy at the rich. Books are good, and Pictures are good, and Money to buy them therefore good, but to buy TIME! in other words, life—

The “compliments of the time to you” should end my letter; to a Friend I suppose I must say the “sincerity of the season;” I hope they both mean the same. With excuses for this hastily penn’d note, believe me with great respect—

C. Lamb.

23 dec. 22.

Note

[Miss Bailly would be Joanna Baillie (1762-1851), author of Plays on the Passions.

The copy of Fox’s Journal, 1694, which was lent to Lamb has recently come into the possession of the Society of Friends. In it is written: “This copy of George Fox’s Journal, being the earliest edition of that work, the property of John T. Shewell of Ipswich, is lent for six months to Charles Lamb, at the request of Saml Alexander of Needham, Ipswich, 1st mo. 4 1823.” Lamb has added: “Returned by Charles Lamb, within the period, with many thanks to the Lender for the very great satisfaction which he has derived from the perusal of it.”

Southey was meditating a Life of George Fox and corresponded with Barton on the subject. He did not write the book.

Barton had a plan to provide Wordsworth’s Ecclesiastical Sonnets with a Quaker pendant. He did not carry it out.

Here might come an undated and unpublished letter from Lamb to Basil Montagu, which is of little interest except as referring to Miss James, Mary Lamb’s nurse. Lamb says that she was one of four sisters, daughters of a Welsh clergyman, who all became nurses at Mrs. Warburton’s, Hoxton, whither, I imagine, Mary Lamb had often retired. Mrs. Parsons, one of the sisters, became Mary Lamb’s nurse when, some time after Lamb’s death, she moved to 41 Alpha Road, Mrs. Parsons’ house. The late John Hollingshead, great-nephew of these ladies, says in his interesting book, My Lifetime, that their father was rector of Beguildy, in Shropshire.]

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Octavius Graham Gilchrist (1779-1823) English antiquary, editor, and friend of William Gifford; he engaged in controversy with William Lisle Bowles and brought John Clare to public attention.

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John Hollingshead (1827-1904) English journalist, writer, and theater manager who as a child knew Charles Lamb.

William Hone (1780-1842) English bookseller, radical, and antiquary; he was an associate of Bentham, Mill, and John Cam Hobhouse.

Joseph Hume (1767-1844) A clerk in the Victualling Office at Somerset House; he was a translator of Dante and friend of Godwin, Lamb, Hazlitt, and Henry Crabb Robinson.

Joseph Hume (1777-1855) After service in India he became a radical MP for Weymouth (1812), Aberdeen (1818-30, 1842-55), Middlesex (1830-37), and Kilkenny (1837-41); he was an associate of John Cam Hobhouse and a member of the London Greek Committee. Maria Edgeworth: “Don't like him much; attacks all things and persons, never listens, has no judgment.”

James Henry Leigh Hunt (1784-1859) English poet, journalist, and man of letters; editor of The Examiner and The Liberal; friend of Byron, Keats, and Shelley.

William Henry Ireland (1775-1835) Miscellaneous writer whose youthful Shakespeare forgeries (1796) took in many who should have known better.

Washington Irving [Geoffrey Crayon] (1783-1859) American writer living in England in 1815, where he made his reputation with The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent (1820).

King James VI and I (1566-1625) King of Scotland (1567-1625) and England (1603-1625).

Sarah James (1843 fl.) The daughter of a clergyman of Beguildy in Shropshire, she was a nurse at Mr. Warburton's mental institution at Hoxton who attended Mary Lamb.

Sophie Jeaffreson [née Kenney] (1857 fl) The daughter of the playwright James Kenney and his wife Louisa, formerly Holcroft; she married the physician Samuel John Jeaffreson (d. 1870) and was the mother of the music critic Rosa Newmarch.

Junius (1773 fl.) Anonymous political writer who attacked the king and Tory party in the Public Advertiser, 1769-1772. There is persuasive evidence that he was Sir Philip Francis (1740-1818).

Frances Maria Kelly (1790-1882) English actress and singer at Drury Lane and elsewhere; Charles Lamb proposed marriage and later wrote an essay about her (“Barbara S”) in the London Magazine (1825).

Charles Kemble (1775-1854) English comic actor, the younger brother of John Philip Kemble and Sarah Siddons.

Charles Lamb Kenney (1821-1881) The son of the playwright James Kenney and his wife, Louisa, née Mercier; educated at Merchant Taylors' School, he worked as a journalist for the Times, a translator, and adapter of plays.

James Kenney (1780-1849) Irish playwright, author of The World (1808); he was a friend of Lamb, Hunt, Moore, and Rogers.

Louisa Kenney [née Mercier] (1780 c.-1853) The daughter of the French writer Louis-Sébastien Mercier and former (fourth) wife of Thomas Holcroft; in 1812 she married the Irish playwright James Kenney.

Charles Lamb [Elia] (1775-1834) English essayist and boyhood friend of Coleridge at Christ's Hospital; author of Essays of Elia published in the London Magazine (collected 1823, 1833) and other works.

John Lamb Jr. (1763-1821) The elder brother of Charles Lamb; educated at Christ's Hospital, he was an accountant with the East India Company.

Mary Anne Lamb (1764-1847) Sister of Charles Lamb with whom she wrote Tales from Shakespeare (1807). She lived with her brother, having killed their mother in a temporary fit of insanity.

Mrs. John Lamb (d. 1825) The widow of Isaac Dowden who married John Lamb, brother of Charles Lamb.

Sarah Lamb [Aunt Hetty] (1712 c.-1797) The pious and unmarried elder sister of Charles Lamb's father, with whom she lived.

William Lamb, second viscount Melbourne (1779-1848) English statesman, the son of Lady Melbourne (possibly by the third earl of Egremont) and husband of Lady Caroline Lamb; he was a Whig MP, prime minister (1834-41), and counsellor to Queen Victoria.

Andrew Lang (1844-1912) Scottish man of letters, folklorist, and friend of Robert Louis Stevenson; he published Myth, Ritual and Religion, 2 vols, (1887).

Charles Lloyd (1775-1839) Quaker poet; a disciple of Coleridge and friend of Charles Lamb, he published Poetical Essays on the Character of Pope (1821) and other volumes.

Capel Lofft (1751-1824) English poet, lawyer, and political reformer; he was the patron of the poet Robert Bloomfield. Charles Lamb described him as “the genius of absurdity.”

Bernard Buchanan MacGeorge (1845 c.-1924) A Glasgow merchant and art collector.

Sir James Mackintosh (1765-1832) Scottish philosopher and man of letters who defended the French Revolution in Vindiciae Gallicae (1791); he was Recorder of Bombay (1803-1812) and MP for Knaresborough (1819-32).

Thomas Manning (1772-1840) Educated at Caius College, Cambridge, he traveled in China and Tibet, and was a life-long friend of Charles Lamb.

John Milton (1608-1674) English poet and controversialist; author of Comus (1634), Lycidas (1638), Areopagitica (1644), Paradise Lost (1667), and other works.

Basil Montagu (1770-1851) An illegitimate son of the fourth earl of Sandwich, he was educated at Charterhouse and Christ's College, Cambridge, and afterwards was a lawyer, editor, and friend of Samuel Romilly, William Godwin, and William Wordsworth.

Thomas Moore (1779-1852) Irish poet and biographer, author of the Irish Melodies (1807-34), The Fudge Family in Paris (1818), and Lalla Rookh (1817); he was Byron's close friend and designated biographer.

Emma Lamb Moxon [née Isola] (1809-1891) The orphaned daughter of Charles Isola adopted by Charles and Mary Lamb; after working as a governess she married Edward Moxon in 1833.

John Murray II (1778-1843) The second John Murray began the Quarterly Review in 1809 and published works by Scott, Byron, Austen, Crabbe, and other literary notables.

John Howard Payne (1791-1852) American dramatist and friend of Washington Irving who worked in England and France from 1813 to 1832; he was author of Brutus, or, the Fall of Tarquin: an Historical Tragedy, in Five Acts (1818).

William Pitt the younger (1759-1806) The second son of William Pitt, earl of Chatham (1708-1778); he was Tory prime minister 1783-1801.

James Robinson Planché (1796-1880) Antiquary, herald, and playwright; he was manager at Vauxhall Gardens (1826-27) and the Adelphi (1830); he wrote for the Literary Gazette and published History of British Costumes (1834).

John Poole (1786-1872) English comic writer and playwright; he contributed to the London Magazine and scored a great theatrical success with Paul Pry (1825). He spent his later years living impoverished in Paris.

John Rickman (1771-1840) Educated at Magdalen Hall and Lincoln College, Oxford, he was statistician and clerk to the House of Commons and an early friend of Charles Lamb and Robert Southey.

Henry Robertson (1849 fl.) Treasurer of Covent Garden; he was an amateur singer and a personal friend of Leigh Hunt, Charles Lamb, and Vincent Novello.

Henry Crabb Robinson (1775-1867) Attorney, diarist, and journalist for The Times; he was a founder of the Athenaeum Club.

Mary Robinson [née Clapton] (1768-1826) The wife of Thomas Robinson of Bury who was the brother of Henry Crabb Robinson; none of their children survived.

Thomas Robinson (1769 c.-1860) Of Bury St. Edmunds; he was the elder brother of Henry Crabb Robinson and a friend of the reformers Capel Lofft and Thomas Clarkson.

John Scott (1784-1821) After Marischal College he worked as a journalist with Leigh Hunt, edited The Champion (1814-1817), and edited the London Magazine (1820) until he was killed in the duel at Chalk Farm.

Sir Walter Scott, baronet (1771-1832) Scottish poet, novelist, antiquary, biographer, editor, and sheriff.

William Shakespeare (1564-1616) The Bard of Avon.

Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822) English poet, with Byron in Switzerland in 1816; author of Queen Mab (1813), The Revolt of Islam (1817), The Cenci and Prometheus Unbound (1820), and Adonais (1821).

William Shenstone (1714-1763) English poet and landscape gardener; author of The Schoolmistress (1737, 1742) "A Pastoral Ballad" (1743).

Thomas Southerne (1660-1746) Irish playwright educated at Trinity College, Dublin; his Oroonoko, or, The Royal Slave (1696), an adaptation of Behn's novel, was long performed.

Robert Southey (1774-1843) Poet laureate and man of letters whose contemporary reputation depended upon his prose works, among them the Life of Nelson, 2 vols (1813), History of the Peninsular War, 3 vols (1823-32) and The Doctor, 7 vols (1834-47).

Maria Stanhope, countess of Harrington [née Foote] (1797-1867) English actress; in 1814 made her debut at Covent Garden as Amanthis in The Child of Nature; she retired in 1825 following a successful and notorious breech of promise suit. In 1831 she married Charles Stanhope, fourth earl of Harrington (1780-1851).

Sir Richard Steele (1672-1729) English playwright and essayist, who conducted The Tatler, and (with Joseph Addison) The Spectator and The Guardian.

Sir Thomas Noon Talfourd (1795-1854) English judge, dramatist, and friend of Charles Lamb who contributed articles to the London Magazine and New Monthly Magazine.

François-Joseph Talma (1763-1826) French tragic actor and reformer of the stage who was admired by Napoleon.

John Taylor (1781-1864) Publisher of the London Magazine and poems of John Keats, and a prolific writer in his own right.

Henry John Temple, third viscount Palmerston (1784-1865) After education at Harrow and Edinburgh University he was MP for Newport (1807-11) and Cambridge University (1811-31), foreign minister (1830-41), and prime minister (1855-58, 1859-65).

Cyril Tourneur (1575 c.-1626) English playwright; his best-known work, The Revenger's Tragedy, is now attributed to Thomas Middleton.

Edward John Trelawny (1792-1881) Writer, adventurer, and friend of Shelley and Byron; author of the fictionalized memoirs, Adventures of a Younger Son (1831) and Recollections of the Last Days of Shelley and Byron (1858).

Nicholas Vansittart, first Baron Bexley (1766-1851) Educated at Christ Church, Oxford, he was a Pittite MP for Hastings (1796-1802), Old Sarum (1802-12), East Grinstead (1812), and Harwich (1812-23); he was Chancellor of the exchequer (1812-23).

Izaak Walton (1593-1683) The friend and biographer of John Donne, and author of The Compleat Angler (1653).

John William Ward, earl of Dudley (1781-1833) The son of William Ward, third Viscount Dudley (d. 1823); educated at Edinburgh and Oxford, he was an English MP, sometimes a Foxite Whig and sometimes Canningite Tory, who suffered from insanity in his latter years.

Arthur Wellesley, first duke of Wellington (1769-1852) Soldier and statesman; commander in the Peninsular Campaign (1809-1813), he defeated Napoleon at Waterloo and was prime minister (1828-1830).

Edward White (1840 fl.) A clerk at the East India House where he was a friend and colleague of Charles Lamb; he was an amateur painter and connoisseur of art.

Walter Wilson (1781-1847) The illegitimate son of John Walter, founder of the Times; he was a London bookseller and collector who published a three-volume life of Defoe (1830).

John Woolman (1720-1772) American Quaker essayist and opponent of slavery; his Journal was published in 1774.

William Wordsworth (1770-1850) With Coleridge, author of Lyrical Ballads (1798), Wordsworth survived his early unpopularity to succeed Robert Southey as poet laureate in 1843.

William Frederick Zincke (1827 fl.) Lambeth bookseller and picture restorer who forged portraits of Shakespeare.

Chambers's Edinburgh Journal. (1832-1956). A weekly paper managed by William and Robert Chambers; Leitch Ritchie was an editor in the 1840s and 50s.

The Examiner. (1808-1881). Founded by John and Leigh Hunt, this weekly paper divided its attention between literary matters and radical politics; William Hazlitt was among its regular contributors.

The Liberal: Verse and Prose from the South. (1822-1823). A quarterly edited by Leigh Hunt with contributions by Lord Byron; two volumes were published.

The London Magazine. (1820-1829). Founded by John Scott as a monthly rival to Blackwood's, the London Magazine included among its contributors Charles Lamb, John Clare, Allan Cunningham, Thomas De Quincey, and Thomas Hood.

Morning Herald. (1780-1869). Sir Henry Bate Dudley (1745–1824) and Alexander Chalmers (1759–1834) were among the original editors; Thomas Holcroft (1745–1809) was Paris correspondent.

New Monthly Magazine. (1814-1884). Founded in reaction to the radically-inclined Monthly Magazine, the New Monthly was managed under the proprietorship of Henry Colburn from 1814 to 1845. It was edited by Thomas Campbell and Cyrus Redding from 1821-1830.

The New Times. (1817-1828). Daily London newspaper established as a conservative alternative to the Times; it was edited by Sir John Stoddart (1817-1826) and Eugenius Roche (1827-1828).

The Times. (1785-). Founded by John Walter, The Times was edited by Thomas Barnes from 1817 to 1841. In the romantic era it published much less literary material than its rival dailies, the Morning Chronicle and the Morning Post.

William Harrison Ainsworth (1805-1882) Poems, by Cheviot Tichborn. (London: 1822). Dedicated to Charles Lamb.

Henry Charles William Angelo (1756-1835) Angelo's Pic Nic; or, Table Talk, including numerous Recollections of Public Characters, who have figured in some part or another of the Stage of Life for the last Fifty Years. (London: John Ebers, 1834). A continuation of The Reminiscences of Henry Angelo.

Joanna Baillie (1762-1851) A Series of Plays: in which it is attempted to delineate the stronger Passions of the Mind. (London: for the author, 1798). The “Plays on the Passions” was several times reprinted and expanded.

Bernard Barton (1784-1849) Napoleon: and other Poems. (London: Thomas Boys, 1822).

Bernard Barton (1784-1849) Verses on the Death of Percy Bysshe Shelley. (London: Baldwin, 1822).

George Gordon Byron, sixth Baron Byron (1788-1824) “The Vision of Judgment. By Quevedo Redivivus” in The Liberal. Vol. 1 No. 1 (1822): 3-39. Byron's burlesque of Southey's Vision of Judgement was reprinted as a pamphlet by John Hunt in 1822.

John Clare (1793-1864) Poems descriptive of Rural Life and Scenery. (London: Taylor & Hessey, 1820).

John Clare (1793-1864) The Village Minstrel, and Other Poems. 2 vols (London: Taylor and Hessey, 1821).

John Clare (1793-1864) “To Elia” in London Magazine. Vol. 6 (August 1822): 151. A sonnet.

John Clare (1793-1864) “To Charles Lamb, on reading John Woodville, a Tragedy” in The British Magazine. Vol. 1 (1830): 92. Signed “John Clare.”

Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) “Fire, Famine, and Slaughter. A War Eclogue” in Morning Post. (8 January 1798). A satire on the younger Pitt signed “Laberius.”

George Colman the elder (1732-1794) The Clandestine Marriage: a Comedy. (London: T. Becket and P. A. De Hondt, 1766). With David Garrick.

Daniel Defoe (1660-1731) The Fortunate Mistress: or, a History of the Life and vast variety of Fortunes of Mademoiselle de Beleau, afterwards call'd the Countess de Wintselsheim, in Germany. Being the Person known by the Name of the Lady Roxana, in the time of King Charles II. (London: T. Warner, 1724).

Daniel Defoe (1660-1731) The History and Remarkable Life of the truly honourable Colonel Jaque, vulgarly call'd Colonel Jack. (London: J. Brotherton, 1724).

Daniel Defoe (1660-1731) A Journal of the Plague Year: being Observations or Memorials, of the most remarkable Occurrences, as well Publick as Private, which happened in London during the last great Visitation in 1665. (London: E. Nutt, J. Roberts, A. Dodd, and J. Graves, 1722).

Daniel Defoe (1660-1731) The Life and Strange and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe. (London: 1719).

Daniel Defoe (1660-1731) The Fortunes and Misfortunes of the famous Moll Flanders. (London: John Brotherton, 1722).

Sir John Denham (1615-1669) Coopers Hill: a Poeme. (London: Tho. Walkley, 1642). A topographical poem or British georgic concerned with the outbreak of the Civil War; the poem was considerably revised when reprinted in 1655, political circumstances having changed.

Thomas De Quincey (1785-1859) Confessions of an English Opium-eater. (London: Taylor and Hessey, 1822). Reprinted from the London Magazine.

Thomas De Quincey (1785-1859) “London Reminiscences” in Collected writings. 14 vols (Edinburgh: A. and C. Black, 1889).

John Dyer (1699-1757) “Grongar Hill” in Miscellaneous Poems, by Several Hands. (London: J. Watts, 1726). This is the better-known version in octosyllabic couplets; a version in stanzas was published in Miscellaneous Poems and Translations (1726).

George Fox (1624-1691) A Journal or Historical Account of the Life: Travels, Sufferings, Christian Experiences and Labour of Love in the Work of the Ministry of that ancient, eminent and faithful Servant of Jesus Christ, George Fox. (London: Thomas Northcot, 1694).

William Godwin (1756-1836) History of the Commonwealth of England. From its Commencement, to the Restoration of Charles the Second. 4 vols (London: H. Colburn, 1824-28).

John Hollingshead (1827-1904) My Lifetime. 2 vols (London: S. Low, Marston, 1895).

John Home (1722-1808) Douglas: a Tragedy. (Edinburgh: G. Hamilton & J. Balfour, 1757). The author's most successful play.

William Hone (1780-1842) The Year Book of Daily Recreation and Information. 2 vols (London: Hunt and Clarke, 1831-1832). With illustrations by George Cruikshank.

William Henry Ireland (1775-1835) Vortigern: an Historical Tragedy in Five Acts. (London: J. Barker, 1799). Damned when performed as a rediscovered work by Shakespeare in 1796.

Mary Anne Lamb (1764-1847), Charles Lamb [Elia] (1775-1834) Mrs. Leicester's School, or, the History of several Young Ladies: related by themselves. (London: M. J. Godwin, 1809). A collection of stories by Mary and Charles Lamb, several times reprinted.

Charles Lamb [Elia] (1775-1834) Album Verses, with a few others. (London: Edward Moxon, 1830).

Charles Lamb [Elia] (1775-1834) “A Character of the late Elia, by a Friend” in London Magazine. Vol. 7 (January 1823): 19-21.

Charles Lamb [Elia] (1775-1834) “A Dissertation on Roast Pig” in London Magazine. Vol. 6 (September 1822): 245-48. Reprinted in Essays of Elia.

Charles Lamb [Elia] (1775-1834) Elia. Essays which have appeared under that Signature in the London Magazine. (London: Taylor and Hessey, 1823). A second collection was issued by Moxon as Last Essays in 1833.

Charles Lamb [Elia] (1775-1834) “Jews, Quakers, Scotchmen, and other Imperfect Sympathies” in London Magazine. Vol. 4 (August 1822): 152-56. Later titled Imperfect Sympathies.

Charles Lamb [Elia] (1775-1834) John Woodvil; a Tragedy. To which are added Fragments of Burton, the Author of the Anatomy of Melancholy. (London: G. and J. Robinson, 1802).

Charles Lamb [Elia] (1775-1834) The Last Essays of Elia: being a Sequel to Essays published under that Name. (London: Edward Moxon, 1833).

Charles Lamb [Elia] (1775-1834) “Mr. H.” in The Works of Charles Lamb. 2 vols (London: C. and J. Ollier, 1818). Lamb's unsuccessful play, performed at Drury Lane in 1807.

Charles Lamb [Elia] (1775-1834) “My Relations” in London Magazine. Vol. 3 (June 1821): 611-14. Collected in Elia.

Charles Lamb [Elia] (1775-1834) “On Some of the Old Actors” in London Magazine. Vol. 5 (February 1822). Continued April, October 1822.

Charles Lamb [Elia] (1775-1834) “Sonnet to the Author of the Poems published under the name of Barry Cornwall” in London Magazine. Vol. 11 (September 1820): 302. Signed “****.”

Charles Lamb [Elia] (1775-1834) Specimens of English Dramatic Poets, who lived about the Time of Shakespeare. (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, 1808). Reprinted 1813.

Charles Lamb [Elia] (1775-1834) “Thoughts on Presents of Game, &c.” in Athenaeum. No. 318 (30 November 1833): 817.

Charles Lamb [Elia] (1775-1834) “Tom Pry's Wife” in The New Times. (28 February, 1825). Signed “Lepus.”

Charles Lamb [Elia] (1775-1834) “Work” in The Examiner. (29 August 1819). A sonnet.

Charles Lamb [Elia] (1775-1834) The Works of Charles Lamb. 2 vols (London: C. and J. Ollier, 1818).

John Milton (1608-1674) “Samson Agonistes” in Paradise Regained. A Poem written in Four Books. (London: 1671).

John Howard Payne (1791-1852) Ali Pacha; or, the Signet Ring; a Melo-drama, in Two Acts. (London: John Cumberland, [1822]).

John Howard Payne (1791-1852) Clari: or, the Maid of Milan: an Opera in Three Acts. (London: J. Miller, 1823). The music, including “Home, Sweet Home,” by Henry R. Bishop.

John Howard Payne (1791-1852) The Two Galley Slaves: a Melo-drama, in Two Acts. (London: G. H. Davidson, 1823).

John Poole (1786-1872) Paul Pry; a Comedy, in Three Acts. (London: John Duncombe, 1825). The eponymous character is based on Thomas Hill who published gossip in the Morning Chronicle.

Henry Crabb Robinson (1775-1867) Diary, Reminiscences, and Correspondence. 3 vols (London: Macmillan, 1869). Edited by Thomas Sadler; reprinted with additions, 2 vols 1872.

William Shakespeare (1564-1616) The Tempest. (London: 1623). Written in 1611 and first published in the first folio.

William Shakespeare (1564-1616) Timon of Athens. (London: 1623). Written about 1607 and first published in the first folio.

William Shenstone (1714-1763) The School-mistress: a Poem. In imitation of Spenser. (London: R. Dodsley, 1742). This burlesque poem exists in several versions and was frequently reprinted.

Robert Southey (1774-1843) Thalaba the Destroyer. 2 vols (London: T. N. Longman and O. Rees, 1801). A fantastic mythological tale, in irregular verse, set in the middle east.

Robert Southey (1774-1843) A Vision of Judgement. (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1821). In the laureate's ode occasioned by the death of George III the king of Britain meets George Washington in Heaven.

Edmund Spenser (1552 c.-1599) The Faerie Queene. (London: 1590, 1596). Three books were published in 1590, and a second three, with the appended “Mutabilitie Cantos” in 1596.

Cyril Tourneur (1575 c.-1626) The Atheist's Tragedie, or, the Honest Man's Revenge. (London: John Stepney and Richard Redmer, 1611).

Walter Wilson (1781-1847) Memoirs of the Life and Times of Daniel Defoe: containing a Review of his Writings and his Opinions upon a Variety of Important Matters, Civil and Ecclesiastical. 3 vols (London: Hurst, Chance, and Co., 1830).

William Wordsworth (1770-1850) Ecclesiastical Sketches. (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1822).

INFORMATION FROM TEI HEADER

Source Description:

Authors: Charles Lamb; Mary Lamb

Title: The Works of Charles and Mary Lamb. Letters (London: Methuen and Co., 1905).

Electronic Edition:

Series: Lord Byron and his Times: http://lordbyron.org

Encoding Description: Any dashes occurring in line breaks have been removed. Obvious and unambiguous compositors’ errors have been silently corrected.

Markup and editing by: David Hill Radcliffe

Completed January 2012

Publication Statement:

Publisher: Center for Applied Technologies in the Humanities, Virginia Tech

Availability: Published under Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License

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VOLUME 2:

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