Memoirs of William Hazlitt
Ch. XVIII
CHAPTER XVIII.
Lamb’s Wednesdays.
It was while Lamb was
residing in Mitre Court Buildings that those Wednesday evenings of his were in their glory.
Mr. Hazlitt has made himself their
historiographer, and if he had not left upon record some account of these meetings of some
of the choicest spirits of the day, all trace of them must have perished with those, who
had the honour to be guests. In two of my grandfather’s papers, I find graphic
pictures of these Wednesdays and Wednesday-men. There is a curious sketch in one of a
little tilt between Coleridge and Holcroft, which must not be omitted, because my
grandfather was, to a very slight degree, mixed up in it. It was thus, in Mr.
Hazlitt’s own words:—“Coleridge was
riding the high German horse, and demonstrating the ‘Categories of the
Transcendental Philosophy’ to the author of the ‘Road to Ruin,’ who insisted on his knowledge of
German and German metaphysics, having read the ‘Critique of Pure Reason’ in the original.
‘My dear Mr. Holcroft,’ said
Coleridge, in a tone of infinitely-
272 | AN ANECDOTE OF COLERIDGE. | |
provoking conciliation, ‘you really put me
in mind of a sweet pretty German girl, about fifteen, that I met with in the Hartz
Forest in Germany—and who one day, as I was reading the “Limits of the
Knowable and the Unknowable,” the profoundest of all his works, with great
attention, came behind my chair, and leaning over, said, “What, you read
Kant? Why, I that am a German born,
don’t understand him!”’ This was too much to bear, and
Holcroft, starting up, called out in no measured tone,
‘Mr. Coleridge, you are the most eloquent man I
ever met with, and the most troublesome with your eloquence.’ Phillips* held the cribbage-peg, that was to mark him
game, suspended in his hand; and the whist table was silent for a moment. I saw
Holcroft downstairs, and on coming to the landing-place in
Mitre Court, he stopped me to observe that he thought Mr.
Coleridge a very clever man, with a great command of language, but that
he feared he did not always affix very precise ideas to the words he used. After he was
gone, we had our laugh out, and went on with the argument on the nature of Reason, the
Imagination, and the Will. . . . . . It would make a supplement to the ‘Biographia Literaria,’ in a
volume and a half, octavo.”
It was at one of these Wednesdays that Lamb started a question as to persons “one would wish to have
seen.” It was a suggestive topic, and proved a fruitful one. Mr. Hazlitt, who was there, has left an account behind him
of the kind of talk which arose out of this hint so
| A WEDNESDAY AT LAMB’S. | 273 |
lightly thrown out by the author of
‘Elia,’ and it is worth
giving in his own words:*—
“On the question being started, Ayrton said, ‘I suppose the two first persons you would choose
to see would be the two greatest names in English literature, Sir Isaac Newton and Mr. Locke?’ In this Ayrton, as
usual, reckoned without his host. Every one burst out a laughing at the expression of
Lamb’s face, in which impatience was
restrained by courtesy. ‘Yes, the greatest names,’ he stammered out
hastily, ‘but they were not persons—not persons.’—‘Not
persons?’ said Ayrton, looking wise and foolish at
the same time, afraid his triumph might be premature. ‘That is,’
rejoined Lamb, ‘not characters, you know. By
Mr. Locke and Sir Isaac Newton, you
mean the “Essay on the Human
Understanding” and the “Principia,” which we have to this day.
Beyond their contents there is nothing personally interesting in the men. But what
we want to see any one bodily for, is when there is something peculiar, striking in
the individuals, more than we can learn from their writings, and yet are curious to
know. I dare say Locke and Newton were
very like Kneller’s portraits of them.
But who could paint Shakspeare?’—‘Ay,’ retorted
Ayrton, ‘there it is; then I suppose you would prefer
seeing him and Milton instead?’
‘No,’ said Lamb, ‘neither. I have
seen so much of
Shakspeare on the stage and on bookstalls, in
frontispieces and on mantelpieces, that I am quite tired of the everlasting
repetition; and as to Milton’s face, the impressions
that have come down to us of it I do not like; it is too starched and puritanical;
and I should be afraid of losing some of the manna of his poetry in the leaven of
his countenance, and the precisian’s band and gown.’—‘I
shall guess no more,’ said Ayrton. ‘Who is
it, then, you would like to see “in his habit as he lived,” if you had
your choice of the whole range of English literature?’
Lamb then named Sir Thomas
Brown and Fulke Greville, the friend
of Sir Philip Sidney, as the two worthies whom
he should feel the greatest pleasure to encounter on the floor of his apartment in
their nightgown and slippers, and to exchange friendly greeting with them. At this
Ayrton laughed outright, and conceived
Lamb was jesting with him; but as no one followed his example,
he thought there might be something in it, and waited for an explanation in a state of
whimsical suspense. Lamb then (as well as I can remember a
conversation that passed twenty years ago—how time slips!) went on as follows.
‘The reason why I pitch upon these two authors is, that their writings are
riddles, and they themselves the most mysterious of personages. They resemble the
soothsayers of old, who dealt in dark hints and doubtful oracles; and I should like to
ask them the meaning of what no mortal but themselves, I should suppose, can fathom.
There is Dr. Johnson: I have no curiosity, no
| AT MITRE-COURT BUILDINGS. | 275 |
strange uncertainty about him:
he and Boswell together have pretty well let me
into the secret of what passed through his mind. He and other writers like him are
sufficiently explicit: my friends, whose repose I should be tempted to disturb (were it
in my power), are implicit, inextricable, inscrutable.
“‘When I look at that obscure but gorgeous prose
composition, the “Urn-burial,” I seem to myself to look into a deep abyss, at the
bottom of which are hid pearls and rich treasure; or it is like a stately labyrinth
of doubt and withering speculation, and I would invoke the spirit of the author to
lead me through it. Besides, who would not be curious to see the lineaments of a
man who, having himself been twice married, wished that mankind were propagated
like trees! As to Fulke Greville, he is like
nothing but one of his own “Prologues spoken by the ghost of an old king
of Orinus,” a truly formidable and inviting personage: his style is
apocalyptical, cabalistical, a knot worthy of such an apparition to untie; and for
the unravelling a passage or two I would stand the brunt of an encounter with so
portentous a commentator!’—‘I am afraid in that case,’
said Ayrton, ‘that if the mystery were
once cleared up, the merit might be lost;’ and turning to me, whispered a
friendly apprehension, that while Lamb continued
to admire these old crabbed authors, he would never become a popular writer. Dr. Donne was mentioned as a writer of the same
period, with a very interesting countenance, whose history was singular, and whose
meaning was often quite as uncome-at-able,
without a personal citation from the dead, as that of any
of his contemporaries. The volume was produced;* and while some one was expatiating on
the exquisite simplicity and beauty of the portrait prefixed to the old edition,
Ayrton got hold of the poetry, and exclaiming ‘What
have we here?’ read the following:—
Here lies a She-Sun and a He-Moon there, She gives the best light to his sphere, Or each is both and all, and so They unto one another nothing owe. |
“There was no resisting this, till Lamb seizing the volume, turned to the beautiful ‘Lines to his Mistress,’ dissuading her from accompanying
him abroad, and read them with suffused features and a faltering tongue.
“Some one then inquired of Lamb if we could not see from the window the Temple walk in which
Chaucer† used to take his exercise; and on
his name being put to the vote, I was pleased to find that there was a general
sensation in his favour in all but Ayrton, who
said something about the ruggedness of the metre, and even objected to the quaintness
of the orthography. I was vexed at this superficial gloss, pertinaciously reducing
everything to its own trite level, and asked ‘if he did not think it would be
worth while to scan the eye that had first greeted the Muse in that dim twilight and
* It was probably the edition of 1669, 12mo; at least, that
was the one Lamb had. There were in it
many notes by Coleridge, and this
memorandum: “I shall die soon, my dear Charles
Lamb, and then you will not be vexed that I have
be-scribbled your book.”—S. T. C., 2nd May,
1811. † Lamb had a very fair
copy of Chaucer. |
| MR. HAZLITT THE SPEAKER. | 277 |
early dawn of English literature; to
see the head round which the visions of fancy must have played like gleams of
inspiration or a sudden glory; to watch those lips that ‘lisped in numbers, for
the numbers came’—as by a miracle, or as if the dumb should speak? Nor was it
alone that he had been the first to tune his native tongue (however imperfectly to
modern ears); but he was himself a noble, manly character, standing before his age and
striving to advance it; a pleasant humourist withal, who has not only handed down to us
the living manners of his time, but had, no doubt, store of curious and quaint devices,
and would make as hearty a companion as Mine Host of the Tabard. His interview with
Petrarch is fraught with interest. Yet I
would rather have seen Chaucer in company with the author of the
‘Decameron,’ and
have heard them exchange their best stories together,—‘The
Squire’s Tale’ against ‘The Story of
the Falcon,’ ‘The Wife of Bath’s
Prologue’ against the ‘Adventures of Friar
Albert.’ How fine to see the high mysterious brow which learning then
wore, relieved by the gay, familiar tone of men of the world, and by the courtesies of
genius! Surely, the thoughts and feelings which passed through the minds of these great
revivers of learning, these Cadmuses who sowed the teeth of letters, must have stamped
an expression on their features, as different from the moderns as their books, and well
worth the perusal.
“‘Dante,’ I
continued, ‘is as interesting a person as his own Ugolino, one whose lineaments curiosity would as eagerly devour in
order to penetrate his spirit, and the
278 | LAMB MENTIONS SPENSER. | |
only one of the Italian poets I should care much
to see. There is a fine portrait of Ariosto
by no less a hand than Titian’s; light,
Moorish, spirited, but not answering our idea. The same artist’s large
colossal profile of Peter Aretine is the
only likeness of the kind that has the effect of conversing with “the
mighty dead,” and this is truly spectral, ghastly,
necromantic.’
“Lamb put it to me if I
should like to see Spenser as well as Chaucer; and I answered without hesitation, ‘No;
for that his beauties were ideal, visionary; not palpable or personal, and therefore
connected with less curiosity about the man. His poetry was the essence of romance, a
very halo round the bright orb of fancy; and the bringing in the individual might
dissolve the charm. No tones of voice could come up to the mellifluous cadence of his
verse; no form but of a winged angel could vie with the airy shapes he has described.
He was (to our apprehensions) rather “a creature of the element, that lived in
the rainbow and played in the plighted clouds,” than an ordinary mortal.
Or if he did appear, I should wish it to be as a mere vision, like one of his own
pageants, and that he should pass by unquestioned, like a dream or sound—
——that was Arion crown’d: So went he playing on the wat’ry plain!’ |
“Captain Burney muttered
something about Columbus, and Martin Burney hinted at the Wandering Jew; but the
last was set aside as spurious, and the first made over to the New World.
“‘I should like,’ said Mrs. Reynolds, ‘to have seen Pope talking with Patty
Blount; and I have seen Goldsmith.’ Every one turned round to look at
Mrs. Reynolds, as if by so doing they too could get a sight of
Goldsmith.
“‘Where,’ asked a harsh croaking voice,
‘was Dr. Johnson in the years
1745-6? He did not write anything that we know of, nor is there any account of him
in Boswell during those two years. Was he in
Scotland with the Pretender? He seems
to have passed through the scenes in the Highlands in company with
Boswell many years after “with lack-lustre
eye,” yet as if they were familiar to him, or associated in his mind
with interests that he durst not explain. If so, it would be an additional reason
for my liking him; and I would give something to have seen him seated in the tent
with the youthful Majesty of Britain, and penning the proclamation to all true
subjects and adherents of the legitimate Government.’
“‘I thought,’ said Ayrton, turning short round upon Lamb, ‘that you of the Lake School did not
like Pope?’—‘Not like
Pope! My dear sir, you must be under a mistake—I can read
him over and over for ever!’—‘Why certainly, the “Essay on Man” must be
allowed to be a masterpiece.’—‘It may be so, but I seldom look
into it.’—‘Oh! then it’s his Satires you
admire?’—‘No, not his Satires, but his friendly epistles and his
compliments.’—‘Compliments! I did not know he ever made
any.’—‘The finest,’ said Lamb,
‘that were ever paid by the wit of man. Each of them
280 | DRYDEN—LADY WORTLEY MONTAGU. | |
is worth an estate for life—nay, is an
immortality. There is that superb one to Lord
Cornbury. Was there ever more artful insinuation of idolatrous
praise? And then that noble apotheosis of his friend Lord
Mansfield. And with what a fine turn of indignant flattery he
addresses Lord Bolingbroke— Why rail they then, if but one wreath of mine, Oh! all accomplish’d St.
John, deck thy shrine? |
Or turn,’ continued Lamb, with a slight hectic
on his cheek, and his eye glistening, ‘to his list of early friends:—
And knowing Walsh, would tell me I
could write; Well-natured Garth inflamed with
early praise, Received with open arms one poet more. Happy my studies, if by these approved! Happier their author, if by these beloved! . From these the world will judge of men and books, |
Here his voice totally failed him, and throwing down the book, he said,
‘Do you think I would not wish to have been friends with such a man as
this?’
“‘What say you to Dryden?’—‘He rather made a show of himself, and
courted popularity in that lowest temple of fame, a coffee-house, so as in some measure
to vulgarize one’s idea of him. Pope, on
the contrary, reached the very beau-idéal of
what a poet’s life should
be; and his fame while living seemed to
be an emanation from that which was to circle his name after death. He was so far
enviable (and one would feel proud to have witnessed the rare spectacle in him) that he
was almost the only poet and man of genius who met with his reward on this side of the
tomb; who realized in friends, fortune, the esteem of the world, the almost sanguine
hopes of a youthful ambition; and who found that sort of patronage from the great
during his lifetime which they would be thought anxious to bestow upon him after his
death. Read Gay’s verses to him on his
supposed return from Greece, after his
translation of Homer was finished, and say if you
would not gladly join the bright procession that welcomed him home, or see it once more
land at Whitehall stairs.’—‘Still,’ said Mrs. Reynolds, ‘I would rather have seen him
talking with Patty Blount, or riding by in a
coronet-coach with Lady Mary Wortley
Montagu!’
“Erasmus Phillips, who was deep in a game
of piquet at the other end of the room, whispered to Martin
Burney to ask if Junius would not
be a fit person to invoke from the dead. ‘Yes,’ said Lamb, ‘provided he would agree to lay aside
his mask.’
“We were now at a stand for a short time, when Fielding was mentioned as a candidate: only one,
however, seconded the proposition. ‘Richardson?’—‘By all means; but only to look at him through
the glass door of his back-shop, hard at work upon one of his novels (the most
extraordinary contrast that ever was presented between an author and his works), but
not to let him come behind his counter,
lest he should want you to turn customer; nor to go upstairs with him, lest he should
offer to read the first manuscript of Sir Charles Grandison, which was originally written in eight-and-twenty
volumes octavo; or get out the letters of his female correspondents, to prove that
Joseph Andrews was
low.”
“There was but one statesman in the whole of English history
that any one expressed the least desire to see—Oliver
Cromwell, with his fine, frank, rough, pimply face, and wily policy—and
one enthusiast, John Bunyan, the immortal author
of the ‘Pilgrim’s
Progress.’ It seemed that if he came into the room dreams would follow
him, and that each person would nod under his golden cloud, ‘night-sphered in
Heaven,’ a canopy as strange and stately as any in Homer.
“Of all persons near our own time, Garrick’s name was received with the greatest enthusiasm, who was
proposed by Barron Field. He presently
superseded both Hogarth and Handel, who had been talked of, but then it was on
condition that he should act in tragedy and comedy, in the play and the farce,
‘Lear’ and ‘Wildair’ and ‘Abel
Drugger.’ What a sight for sore eyes that would
be! Who would not part with a year’s income at least, almost with a year of his
natural life, to be present at it? Besides, as he could not act alone, and recitations
are unsatisfactory things, what a troop he must bring with him—the silver-tongued
Barry and Quin, and Shuter and Weston, and Mrs.
Clive and
Mrs. Pritchard, of whom I have heard my father*
speak as so great a favourite when he was young! This would indeed be a revival of the
dead, the restoring of art; and so much the more desirable, as such is the lurking
scepticism mingled with our overstrained admiration of past excellence, that though we
have the speeches of Burke, the portraits of
Reynolds, the writings of Goldsmith, and the conversation of Johnson, to show what people could do at that period,
and to confirm the universal testimony to the merits of Garrick;
yet, as it was before our time, we have our misgivings, as if he was probably after all
little better than a Bartlemy-fair actor, dressed out to play Macbeth in a scarlet coat and laced
cocked-hat. For one, I should like to have seen and heard him with my own eyes and
ears. Certainly, by all accounts, if any one was ever moved by the true histrionic
æstus, it was
Garrick. When he followed the Ghost in ‘Hamlet,’ he did not drop the
sword, as most actors do, behind the scenes, but kept the point raised the whole way
round, so fully was he possessed with the idea, or so anxious not to lose sight of his
part for a moment. Once, at a splendid dinner-party at Lord
——’s, they suddenly missed Garrick, and could
not imagine what was become of him, till they were drawn to the window by the
convulsive screams and peals of laughter of a young negro boy, who was rolling on the
ground in an ecstacy of delight to see Garrick mimicking a
turkey-cock in the courtyard, with his coat-tail stuck out behind, and in a
284 | MARLOWE—WEBSTER—JONSON, ETC. | |
seeming flutter of feathered rage
and pride. Of our party only two persons present had seen the British Roscius;* and they seemed as willing as the rest to renew
their acquaintance with their old favourite.
“We were interrupted in the hey-day and mid-career of this
fanciful speculation by a grumbler in a corner, who declared it was a shame to make all
this rout about a mere player and farce-writer, to the neglect and exclusion of the
fine old dramatists, the contemporaries and rivals of Shakspeare. Lamb said he had
anticipated this objection when he had named the author of ‘Mustapha and Alaham;’ and out of caprice insisted upon
keeping him to represent the set, in preference to the wild hair-brained enthusiast
Kit Marlowe; to the sexton of St.
Ann’s, Webster, with his melancholy
yewtrees and death’s-heads; to Deckar, who
was but a garrulous proser; to the voluminous Heywood; and even to Beaumont
and Fletcher, whom we might offend by
complimenting the wrong author on their joint productions. Lord Brook, on the contrary, stood quite by himself, or in Cowley’s words, was ‘a vast species
alone.’ Some one hinted at the circumstance of his being a lord, which
rather startled Lamb, but he said a ghost would perhaps dispense
with strict etiquette, on being regularly addressed by his title. Ben Jonson divided our suffrages pretty equally. Some
were afraid he would begin to traduce Shakspeare, who was not
present to defend himself. ‘If he grows disagreeable,’ it was
whispered aloud, ‘there is Godwin can
match
* W.
H. was not one of the two. |
| EUGENE ARAM—THE METAPHYSICIANS. | 285 |
him.’ At length
his romantic visit to Drummond of Hawthornden
was mentioned, and turned the scale in his favour.
“Lamb inquired if there
was any one that was hanged* that I would choose to mention? And I answered, Eugene Aram. The name of the ‘Admirable Crichton’ was suddenly started as a
splendid example of waste talents, so different from the generality of his countrymen.
This choice was mightily approved by a North Briton present, who declared himself
descended from that prodigy of learning and accomplishment, and said he had family
plate in his possession as vouchers for the fact, with the initials A. C.—Admirable Crichton! Hunt laughed, or rather roared as heartily at this as I should think he
has done for many years.
“The last-named Mitre-courtier then wished to know whether
there were any metaphysicians to whom one might be tempted to apply the wizard spell? I
replied, there were only six in modern times deserving the name—Hobbes, Berkeley, Butler, Hartley, Hume,
Leibnitz, and perhaps Jonathan Edwards, a Massachusetts man. As to the
French, who talked fluently of having created this science,
there was not a tittle in any of their writings that was not to be found literally in
the authors I had mentioned. [Horne Tooke, who
might have a claim to come in under the head of Grammar, was still living.] None of
these names seemed to excite much interest, and I did not plead for the reappearance of
those who might be thought
286 | SEVERAL GHOSTS DECLINE TO APPEAR. | |
best fitted by the
abstracted nature of their studies for their present spiritual and disembodied state,
and who, even while on this living stage, were nearly divested of common flesh and
blood. As Ayrton, with an uneasy fidgety face,
was about to put some question about Mr. Locke
and Dugald Stewart, he was prevented by
Martin Burney, who observed, ‘If I
was here, he would undoubtedly be for having up those profound and redoubted
scholiasts, Thomas Aquinas and Duns Scotus.’ I said this might be fair
enough in him who had read or fancied he had read the original works; but I did not see
how we could have any right to call up these authors to give an account of themselves
in person, till we had looked into their writings.
“By this time it should seem that some rumour of our whimsical
deliberation had got wind, and had disturbed the irritabile
genus in their shadowy abodes, for we received messages from
several candidates that we had just been thinking of. Gray declined our invitation, though he had not yet been asked:
Gay offered to come, and bring in his hand the
Duchess of Bolton, the original Polly: Steele and
Addison left their cards as Captain Sentry and Sir Roger de
Coverley: Swift came in and sat
down without speaking a word, and quitted the room as abruptly: Otway and Chatterton were seen lingering on the opposite side of the Styx, but
could not muster enough between them to pay Charon
his fare: Thomson fell asleep in the boat, and
was rowed back again: and Burns sent a low
fellow, one
John Barleycorn, an old companion of his, who had conducted
him to the other world, to say that he had during his life-time been drawn out of his
retirement as a show, only to be made an exciseman of, and that he would rather remain
where he was. He desired, however, to shake hands by his representative: the hand thus
held out was in a burning fever, and shook prodigiously.
“The room was hung round with several portraits of eminent
painters. While we were debating, whether we should demand speech with these masters of
mute eloquence, whose features were so familiar to us, it seemed that all at once they
glided from their frames, and seated themselves at some little distance from us. There was
Leonardo with his majestic beard and watchful
eye, having a bust of Archimedes before him; next him
was Raphael’s graceful head turned round to
the Fornarina; and on his other side was Lucretia Borgia, with calm, golden locks; Michael Angelo had placed the model of St. Peter’s on the table
before him; Correggio had an angel at his side;
Titian was seated, with his Mistress between
himself and Giorgione; Guido was accompanied by his own Aurora, who took a dice-box from him; Claude held a mirror in his hand; Rubens patted a beautiful panther (led in by a satyr) on the head;
Vandyke appeared as his own Paris, and Rembrandt was hid under furs, gold chains, and jewels, which
Sir Joshua eyed closely, holding his hand so as
to shade his forehead. Not a word was spoken; and as we rose to do them homage,
they still presented the same surface to the view.
Not being bonâ fide representations of living
people, we got rid of the splendid apparitions by signs and dumb show. As soon as they had
melted into thin air, there was a loud noise at the outer door, and we found it was
Giotto, Cimabue, and Ghirlandaio, who had
been raised from the dead by their earnest desire to see their illustrious successors— Whose names on earth In Fame’s eternal records live for aye! |
Finding them gone, they had no ambition to be seen after them, and mournfully
withdrew. ‘Egad!’ said Lamb,
‘those are the very fellows I should like to have had some talk with, to know
how they could see to paint, when all was dark around them?’
“‘But shall we have nothing to say,’
interrogated G. J——, ‘to the Legend of
Good Women?’ ‘Name, name, Mr.
J——,’ cried Hunt, in a
boisterous tone of friendly exultation; ‘name as many as you please, without
reserve or fear of molestation!’ J—— was perplexed between
so many amiable recollections, that the name of the lady of his choice expired in a
pensive whiff of his pipe; and Lamb impatiently
declared for the Duchess of Newcastle. Mrs. Hutchinson was no sooner mentioned, than she
carried the day from the Duchess. We were the less solicitous on this subject of
filling up the posthumous lists of Good Women, as there was already one in the room as
good, as sensible, and in all respects as exemplary, as the best of them
| VOLTAIRE—ROUSSEAU—RABELAIS, ETC. | 289 |
could be for their lives!
‘I should like vastly to have seen Ninon de
l’Enclos,’ said that incomparable person; and this
immediately put us in mind that we had neglected to pay honour due to our friends on
the other side of the Channel—Voltaire, the
patriarch of levity, and Rousseau, the father of
sentiment; Montaigne and Rabelais (great in wisdom and in wit), Moliere and that illustrious group that are collected
round him (in the print of that subject) to hear him read his comedy of the
‘Tartuffe’ at the
house of Ninon; Racine,
La Fontaine, Rochefoucault, St. Evremont,
&c.
“‘There is one person,’ said a shrill,
querulous voice, ‘I would rather see than all these—Don Quixote!’
“‘Come, come!’ said Hunt; ‘I thought we should have no heroes, real or fabulous.
What say you, Mr. Lamb? Are you for eking out
your shadowy list with such names as Alexander,
Julius Cæsar, Tamerlane, or Ghengis
Khan?’—‘Excuse me,’ said
Lamb; “on the subject of characters in active life,
plotters and disturbers of the world, I have a crotchet of my own, which I beg
leave to reserve.’—‘No, no! come, out with your
worthies!’—‘What do you think of Guy
Fawkes and Judas Iscariot?’
Hunt turned an eye upon him like a wild Indian, but cordial
and full of smothered glee. ‘Your most exquisite reason!’ was echoed
on all sides; and Ayrton thought that
Lamb had now fairly entangled himself. ‘Why, I cannot
but think,’ retorted he of the wistful countenance, ‘that
Guy Fawkes, that poor, fluttering, annual scarecrow of
straw and rags, is an ill-used gentleman. I
290 | JUDAS ISCARIOT—AND ONE OTHER. | |
would give something to see him sitting,
pale and emaciated, surrounded by his matches and his barrels of gunpowder, and
expecting the moment that was to transport him to Paradise for his heroic
self-devotion; but if I say any more, there is that fellow Godwin will make something of it. And as to
Judas Iscariot, my reason is different. I would fain see
the face of him, who, having dipped his hand in the same dish with the Son of Man,
could afterwards betray him. I have no conception of such a thing; nor have I ever
seen any picture (not even Leonardo’s
very fine one) that gave me the least idea of it.’—‘You have
said enough, Mr. Lamb, to justify your choice.’
“‘Oh! ever right, Menenius,—ever
right!’
“‘There is only one other person I can ever think of
after this,’ continued Lamb; but
without mentioning a name that once put on a semblance of mortality. ‘If
Shakspeare was to come into the room we
should all rise up to meet him; but if that person was to come into it, we should
all fall down and try to kiss the hem of his garment!’”
Joseph Addison (1672-1719)
English politician and man of letters, with his friend Richard Steele he edited
The Spectator (1711-12). He was the author of the tragedy
Cato (1713).
Alexander the Great (356 BC-323 BC)
Macedonian conqueror; the son of Philip II, he was king of Macedon, 336-323 BC.
St. Thomas Aquinas (1225 c.-1274)
Italian philosopher and saint of the Catholic Church; he was the author of
Summa theologica (1267-73).
Eugene Aram (1704-1759)
English autodidact, schoolmaster, and philologist executed in 1759 for the 1745 murder of
the shoemaker Daniel Clark, his accomplice in an embezzlement scheme. Aram became the
subject of a poem by Thomas Hood and a novel by Bulwer Lytton.
Archimedes (287 BC c.-212 BC)
Of Syracuse; Greek astronomer, physicist, and inventor.
Ludovico Ariosto (1474-1533)
Italian poet, author of the epic romance
Orlando Furioso
(1532).
Francis Atterbury, bishop of Rochester (1663-1732)
The high-church bishop of Rochester; he was imprisoned in the Tower in 1720 for his
Jacobite associations and spent his later years in France.
William Ayrton (1777-1858)
A founding member of the Philharmonic Society and manager of the Italian opera at the
King's Theatre; he wrote for the
Morning Chronicle and the
Examiner.
Spranger Barry (1717-1777)
Irish actor and impresario who performed Shakespearean roles at Dublin, Drury Lane, and
Covent Garden.
Francis Beaumont (1585-1616)
English playwright, often in collaboration with John Fletcher; author of
The Knight of the Burning Pestle (1607).
George Berkeley, bishop of Cloyne (1685-1753)
Bishop of Cloyne and philosopher; author of
A New Theory of Vision
(1709, 1710, 1732),
A Treatise concerning the Principles of Human
Knowledge (1710, 1734), and
Three Dialogues between Hylas and
Philonous (1713, 1725, 1734).
Martha Blount (1690-1763)
Alexander Pope's intimate friend, to whom he left a substantial legacy.
Lucrezia Borgia (1480-1519)
By her third marriage became Duchess of Ferrara in 1505; rumors that she was involved in
poisonings and incestuous relationships were spread those hostile to the Borgia
family.
James Boswell (1740-1795)
Scottish man of letters, author of
The Life of Samuel Johnson
(1791).
Sir Thomas Browne (1605-1682)
English physician and essayist; he was the author of
Religio
medici (1642) and
Pseudodoxia epidemica (1646).
John Bunyan (1628-1688)
Dissenting preacher and autobiographer; he published
Grace Abounding to
the Chief of Sinners (1666) and
Pilgrim's Progress
(1678).
Edmund Burke (1729-1797)
Irish politician and opposition leader in Parliament, author of
On the
Sublime and Beautiful (1757) and
Reflections on the Revolution
in France (1790).
Gilbert Burnet, bishop of Salisbury (1643-1715)
Educated at Marischal College, Aberdeen, he was professor of divinity at Glasgow (1669);
a supporter of William III, he was made bishop of Salisbury (1689). His
History of his own Times was posthumously published (1723-34)
James Burney (1750-1821)
The brother of Fanny Burney; he sailed with Captain Cook and wrote about his voyages, and
in later life was a friend of Charles Lamb and other literary people.
Martin Charles Burney (1788-1852)
The son of Admiral James Burney and nephew of Fanny Burney; he was a lawyer on the
western circuit, and a friend of Leigh Hunt, the Lambs, and Hazlitts.
Robert Burns (1759-1796)
Scottish poet and song collector; author of
Poems, chiefly in the
Scottish Dialect (1786).
Joseph Butler, bishop of Durham (1692-1752)
English physico-theologian; he was author of the
Analogy of
Religion (1736); he was dean of St. Paul's (1740) and bishop of Durham
(1750).
Thomas Chatterton (1752-1770)
The “marvelous boy” of Bristol, whose forgeries of medieval poetry deceived many and
whose early death by suicide came to epitomize the fate neglected genius.
Geoffrey Chaucer (1340 c.-1400)
English Poet, the author of
The Canterbury Tales (1390 c.).
Cimabue (1240 c.-1302)
Italian painter who worked at Florence and is mentioned by Dante in the
Divine Comedy.
Claude Lorrain (1600-1682)
French painter whose idealized landscapes were much admired in Britain.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834)
English poet and philosopher who projected
Lyrical Ballads (1798)
with William Wordsworth; author of
Biographia Literaria (1817),
On the Constitution of the Church and State (1829) and other
works.
William Congreve (1670-1729)
English comic dramatist; author of, among others,
The Double
Dealer (1694),
Love for Love (1695), and
The Way of the World (1700).
Thomas Cooke [Hesiod Cooke] (1703-1756)
Whig poet and translator assailed by Pope in the
Dunciad; his
translation of Hesiod (1728) was long reprinted.
Abraham Cowley (1618-1667)
English royalist poet; his most enduring work was his posthumously-published
Essays (1668).
Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658)
English general and statesman; fought with the parliamentary forces at the battles of
Edgehill (1642) and Marston Moor (1644); led expedition to Ireland (1649) and was named
Lord Protector (1653).
Dante Alighieri (1265-1321)
Florentine poet, the author of the
Divine Comedy and other
works.
Thomas Dekker (1572 c.-1632)
English playwright and satirist; he is the author of
The Shoemaker's
Holiday (1600) and
The Gul's Hornebooke (1609).
John Donne (1572-1631)
English poet, wit, and divine; he was dean of St. Paul's (1621-31).
Sir William Drummond of Hawthornden (1585-1649)
Scottish poet, essayist, and historian; author of
Poems (1616),
Flowres of Sion (1623),
Cypresse Grove
(1623), and
History of the Five Jameses (1655).
John Dryden (1631-1700)
English poet laureate, dramatist, and critic; author of
Of Dramatick
Poesie (1667),
Absalom and Achitophel (1681),
Alexander's Feast; or the Power of Musique (1697),
The Works of Virgil translated into English Verse (1697), and
Fables (1700).
Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758)
American Calvinist theologian and philosopher; educated at Yale University, he became
president of Princeton shortly before his death.
Guy Fawkes (1570-1606)
Catholic conspirator in the Gunpowder Plot, for which he was ritually burned in effigy on
November 5.
Lavinia Fenton, duchess of Bolton (1710-1760)
English actress who performed as Polly Peachum in Gay's
Beggar's
Opera, after which she became the mistress and later the wife of the third duke of
Bolton.
Barron Field (1786-1846)
English barrister and friend of Leigh Hunt, Thomas Hood, and Charles Lamb.
Henry Fielding (1707-1754)
English dramatist, essayist, and novelist; author of
Joseph
Andrews (1742) and
The History of Tom Jones (1749).
John Fletcher (1579-1625)
English playwright, author of
The Faithful Shepherdess (1610) and
of some fifteen plays in collaboration with Francis Beaumont.
David Garrick (1717-1779)
English actor, friend of Samuel Johnson, and manager of Drury Lane Theater.
Sir Samuel Garth (1661-1719)
English physician, poet, and member of the Kit-Kat club; he was author of the burlesque
poem,
The Dispensary (1699).
John Gay (1685-1732)
English poet and Scriblerian satirist; author of
The Shepherd's
Week (1714),
Trivia (1714), and
The
Beggar's Opera (1727).
Genghis Khan (1162-1227)
The founder and leader of the Mongol Empire.
Giorgione (1477 c.-1510)
Venetian painter, with Titian he was a student of Giovanni Bellini.
Giotto di Bondone (1267 c.-1337)
Italian painter whose masterpiece was the decorations at the Arena chapel, 1305-08. His
life was written by Vasari.
William Godwin (1756-1836)
English novelist and political philosopher; author of
An Inquiry
concerning the Principles of Political Justice (1793) and
Caleb
Williams (1794); in 1797 he married Mary Wollstonecraft.
Oliver Goldsmith (1728 c.-1774)
Irish miscellaneous writer; his works include
The Vicar of
Wakefield (1766),
The Deserted Village (1770), and
She Stoops to Conquer (1773).
Granville George Leveson- Gower, second earl Granville (1815-1891)
English statesman educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford; he was a Whig MP for
Morpeth (1837-40) and Lichfield (1841) before succeeding his father in 1846; he was
minister for foreign affairs in the Russell and Gladstone cabinets.
Thomas Gray (1716-1771)
English poet, author of “Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College,” “Elegy written in a
Country Churchyard,” and “The Bard”; he was professor of history at Cambridge
(1768).
Fulke Greville, first baron Brooke (1554-1628)
Elizabethan poet and courtier, counsellor to King James; his writings were imperfectly
collected as
Certaine Learned and Elegant Workes (1633).
George Frideric Handel (1685-1759)
German composer who settled in England in 1712 where he composed oratorios, among them
The Messiah, first produced in Dublin in 1742.
David Hartley (1705-1757)
English philosopher and physician educated at Jesus College, Cambridge; he published
Observations on Man, his Frame, his Duty, and his Expectations
(1749).
William Hazlitt (1737-1820)
Born in Ireland and educated at University of Glasgow, he was a Unitarian minister and
father of the essayist.
William Hazlitt (1778-1830)
English essayist and literary critic; author of
Characters of
Shakespeare's Plays (1817),
Lectures on the English Poets
(1818), and
The Spirit of the Age (1825).
Thomas Heywood (1573 c.-1641)
English poet and playwright; he wrote
A Woman Killed with Kindness
(1603) and
An Apology for Actors (1612).
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
English political philosopher and man of letters; author of
Leviathan (1651) and other works.
William Hogarth (1697-1764)
English satirical painter whose works include
The Harlot's
Progress,
The Rake's Progress, and
Marriage à la Mode.
Thomas Holcroft (1745-1809)
English playwright and novelist; a friend of William Godwin indicted for treason in 1794;
author of
The Road to Ruin (1792). His
Memoirs (1816) were completed by William Hazlitt.
Homer (850 BC fl.)
Poet of the
Iliad and
Odyssey.
David Hume (1711-1776)
Scottish philosopher and historian; author of
Essays Moral and
Political (1741-42),
Enquiry concerning Human Understanding
(1748) and
History of Great Britain (1754-62).
James Henry Leigh Hunt (1784-1859)
English poet, journalist, and man of letters; editor of
The
Examiner and
The Liberal; friend of Byron, Keats, and
Shelley.
Lucy Hutchinson [née Apsley] (1620-1681)
The of Sir Allen Apsley who wrote the biography of her regicide husband John Hutchinson
(d. 1664),
Memoirs of the Life of Colonel Hutchinson, first
published in 1806.
Henry Hyde, fifth Baron Hyde (1710-1753)
The son of Henry Hyde, fourth earl of Clarendon, he was a Jacobite politician and friend
of Bolingbroke, Pope, and Swift.
Samuel Johnson (1709-1784)
English man of letters, among many other works he edited
A Dictionary
of the English Language (1755) and Shakespeare (1765), and wrote
Lives of the Poets (1779-81).
Ben Jonson (1572-1637)
English dramatist, critic, and epigrammatist, friend of William Shakespeare and John
Donne.
George Francis Joseph (1764-1846)
English portrait painter and illustrator who exhibited at the Royal Academy; Charles Lamb
was among his subjects. The sculptor Samuel Joseph was his nephew.
Junius (1773 fl.)
Anonymous political writer who attacked the king and Tory party in the
Public Advertiser, 1769-1772. There is persuasive evidence that he was Sir Philip
Francis (1740-1818).
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
German philosopher, author of
Critique of Pure Reason (1781),
Critique of Practical Reason (1789), and
Critique
of Judgment (1790).
Sir Godfrey Kneller (1646-1723)
Portrait painter who emigrated to England in 1675; his portraits of the members of the
Whig Kit-Kat Club were much admired.
Ninon de l'Enclos (1620-1705)
French courtesan who kept a literary salon at l'hôtel Sagonne.
Jean de La Fontaine (1621-1695)
French poet whose
Fables were first translated into English in
1734.
Charles Lamb [Elia] (1775-1834)
English essayist and boyhood friend of Coleridge at Christ's Hospital; author of
Essays of Elia published in the
London
Magazine (collected 1823, 1833) and other works.
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibnitz (1646-1716)
German philosopher and mathematician; author of
Monadology (1714)
and
Principles of Nature and Grace (1714).
John Locke (1632-1704)
English philosopher; author of
Essay concerning Human
Understanding (1690) and
Some Thoughts Concerning Education
(1695).
Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593)
Elizabethan poet and dramatist, author of
The Jew of Malta and
Dr. Faustus.
John Milton (1608-1674)
English poet and controversialist; author of
Comus (1634),
Lycidas (1638),
Areopagitica (1644),
Paradise Lost (1667), and other works.
Moliere (1622-1673)
French actor and playwright; author of
Tartuffe (1664) and
Le Misanthrope (1666).
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu [née Pierrepont] (1689-1762)
English poet and epistolary writer, daughter of the first duke of Kingston; she quarreled
with Alexander Pope and after living in Constantinople (1716-18) introduced inoculation to
Britain.
Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592)
French writer and moralist, magistrate and mayor of Bordeaux (1581-85); he was the author
of
Essais (1580, 1595).
Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
English scientist and president of the Royal Society; author of
Philosophae naturalis principia mathematica (1687).
John Oldmixon (1672 c.-1742)
Whig pamphleteer and historian who criticized Alexander Pope, gaining a place in the
Dunciad.
Thomas Otway (1652-1685)
English tragic poet; author of
The Orphan (1680) and
Venice Preserved (1682).
Molesworth Phillips (1755-1832)
He sailed with Captain Cook as a marine and upon his return married Susanna, sister of
Fanny Burney; in later life he was a friend of Robert Southey and Charles Lamb. Hazlitt
believed he was a government spy.
Alexander Pope (1688-1744)
English poet and satirist; author of
The Rape of the Lock (1714)
and
The Dunciad (1728).
James Quin (1693-1766)
English actor at Covent Garden and Drury Lane who spent his years in retirement at
Bath.
Francçois Rabelais (1494 c.-1533)
French physician and satirist; author of
Gargantua and Pantagruel
(1532-34, 1546-52, 1562); the English translation by Urquhart and Motteux (1653, 1693-94)
has been much admired.
Jean Racine (1639-1699)
French neoclassical playwright, author of
Andromaque (1667),
Bajazet (1672),
Mithridate (1673) and Phèdre
(1677).
Raphael (1483-1520)
Of Urbino; Italian painter patronized by Leo X.
Rembrandt (1606-1669)
Dutch painter and etcher.
Guido Reni (1575-1642)
Of Bologna; Italian baroque painter.
Elizabeth Reynolds [née Chambers] (d. 1832)
The daughter of Charles Chambers (d. 1777); she was an older friend of Charles Lamb who
had once been his schoolmistress.
Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723-1792)
English portrait-painter and writer on art; he was the first president of the Royal
Academy (1768).
Samuel Richardson (1689-1761)
English printer and novelist; author of
Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded
(1739) and
Clarissa, or the History of a Young Lady
(1747-48).
Roscius (126 BC c.-62 BC)
The most famous of Roman actors, an associate of Catullus and Cicero.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
Swiss-born man of letters; author of, among others,
Julie ou la
Nouvelle Heloïse (1761),
Émile (1762) and
Les Confessions (1782).
Sir Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640)
Flemish baroque painter and diplomat notable for his allegorical depictions of the life
of Marie de Medici.
Henry St. John, first viscount Bolingbroke (1678-1751)
English politician and writer, friend of Alexander Pope; author of
The
Idea of a Patriot King (written 1738), and
Letters on the Study
and Use of History (1752).
Edward Shuter (1728 c.-1776)
English comic actor who created the part of Sir Anthony Absolute in Sheridan's
The Rivals.
Sir Philip Sidney (1554-1586)
English poet, courtier, and soldier, author of the
Arcadia (1590),
Astrophel and Stella (1591) and
Apology for
Poetry (1595).
John Somers, baron Somers (1651-1716)
Whig politician, member of the Kit-Kat Club, friend of Addison, Steele, and Swift; he was
lord chancellor (1697).
Edmund Spenser (1552 c.-1599)
English poet, author of
The Shepheards Calender (1579) and
The Faerie Queene (1590, 1596).
Sir Richard Steele (1672-1729)
English playwright and essayist, who conducted
The Tatler, and
(with Joseph Addison)
The Spectator and
The
Guardian.
Dugald Stewart (1753-1828)
Professor of moral philosophy at Edinburgh University (1785-1809); he was author of
Elements of the Philosophy of the Human Mind (1792-93).
Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)
Dean of St Patrick's, Scriblerian satirist, and author of
Battle of the
Books with
Tale of a Tub (1704),
Drapier
Letters (1724),
Gulliver's Travels (1726), and
A Modest Proposal (1729).
Charles Talbot, first Baron Talbot (1685-1737)
The eldest son of William Talbot, bishop of Durham, a Whig politician aligned with Robert
Walpole, he was appointed Lord Chancellor in 1733.
James Thomson (1700-1748)
Anglo-Scottish poet and playwright; while his descriptive poem,
The
Seasons (1726-30), was perhaps the most popular poem of the eighteenth century,
the poets tended to admire more his Spenserian burlesque,
The Castle of
Indolence (1748).
Timur (1336-1405)
Asian conqueror and founder of the Mughal Dynasty in India.
Titian (1487 c.-1576)
Venetian painter celebrated for his portraits.
John Horne Tooke (1736-1812)
Philologist and political radical; member of the Society for Constitutional Information
(1780); tried for high treason and acquitted (1794).
Sir Anthony Van Dyke (1599-1641)
Flemish painter who studied under Rubens and spent the last decade of his life as a court
painter to Charles I.
Voltaire (1694-1778)
French historian and man of letters; author of, among many other works,
The Age of Louis XIV (1751) and
Candide (1759).
William Walsh (1662-1708)
Restoration wit; author of
Letters and Poems, Amorous and Gallant
(1692). Alexander Pope praised the elder poet for assisting him with his
Pastorals (1709).
John Webster (1580 c.-1638 c.)
English dramatist, author of
The White Devil and
The Duchess of Malfi.
Thomas Weston (1737-1776)
English comic actor who performed with David Garrick and died young of alcoholism.
New Monthly Magazine. (1814-1884). Founded in reaction to the radically-inclined
Monthly Magazine,
the
New Monthly was managed under the proprietorship of Henry
Colburn from 1814 to 1845. It was edited by Thomas Campbell and Cyrus Redding from
1821-1830.